Did you know there are five types? gynecological cancers? Each affects a different part of the female reproductive system and comes with its own risk factors, symptoms, and treatment considerations. Dr. Renee Cowangynecologic oncologist at Woman’s Hospital, explains what you need to know about each type and how you can protect your gynecological health.
What is gynecological cancer?
Gynecological (GYN) cancer is any cancer that develops in a woman’s reproductive organs. The five main types are cervical, ovarian, uterine, vaginal and vulva.
Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer it develops in the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. Almost all cases are associated with persistent infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). Cervical cancer is the only gynecological cancer with a routine preventive test: the pap smear. Often performed alongside an HPV test, the Pap test can detect abnormal cells in the cervix before cancer develops.
Symptoms: Unusual vaginal discharge, pain during intercourse, or abnormal vaginal bleeding, including bleeding after sex, between periods, or after menopause.
Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer it originates in the ovaries and is often diagnosed in later stages as symptoms can be subtle. Unfortunately, it is the most aggressive type of gynecological cancer. The risk increases with age and family history.
Symptoms: Persistent bloating, pelvic pain or pressure, difficulty eating, feeling full very quickly, and bowel or bladder changes
Uterine (Endometrium) Cancer
Cancer of the uterus it starts in the lining of the uterus and is the most common type of gynecological cancer. It is usually low grade, meaning it is not as aggressive as other cancers can be. More than 85% of uterine cancers cause abnormal bleeding, which helps in early detection.
Symptoms: Postmenopausal bleeding and pelvic pain
Bay cancer
Vaginal cancer it is rare and forms in the tissues of the vagina. Risk factors include HPV infection and a history of precancerous cervical cancer or cancer.
Symptoms: Bleeding while not having a period, pelvic pain and vaginal swelling.
Cancer of the vulva
Cancer of the vulva it most commonly affects the labia, although it can also develop on the clitoris, vaginal opening, pubis and perineum. Like cervical and vaginal cancer, some cases are associated with HPV infection. Using a mirror to familiarize yourself with what is normal for your body can help you notice changes such as skin discoloration, irritation, or new growths.
Symptoms: Persistent itching, pain, tenderness, skin changes, or a lump that won’t go away.
Stay proactive in your gynecological health
Taking a proactive approach to your gynecological health can make a huge difference. Annual checkups, healthy lifestyle choices, and understanding family health history play an important role in reducing risk and supporting long-term wellness.
Gynecological Care
Regular gynecological care is one of the most important steps you can take to protect your health. Every woman should have a gynecologist and a good relationship with them is essential. You should feel comfortable discussing any concerns, no matter how personal or embarrassing.
With a large number of gynecologists practicing on the Woman’s campus, Dr. Cowan says, “One of them has to be able to meet your needs; there has to be someone you can get along with and feel like you can trust.”
Healthy lifestyle habits
Healthy lifestyle habits can also help reduce risk. Eating a balanced diet rich in leafy vegetables and high-fiber foods, staying physically active, and avoiding tobacco support overall well-being and may reduce the risk of cervical and vulvar cancer.
As Dr. Cowan notes, “It’s not just about preventing cancer. it’s also about getting your body to a place where it can fight off a cancer diagnosis while also enduring the necessary treatments and therapies.”
Understanding Family History
Knowing your family’s health history can also be beneficial. About 15% to 20% of ovarian cancers are linked to inherited genetic mutations. If you’re not sure about your family history, you can get genetic testing to determine if you carry one of these mutations. For women who are positive for these mutations, the risk of developing ovarian cancer can be as high as 40%. However, removing the ovaries as a preventative measure can reduce the risk of ovarian cancer to just 1% to 2%. This is just one example of how genetic testing can help you take steps to prevent cancer before it even starts.
Listen to your body
Understanding the differences between the five gynecological cancers and recognizing the warning signs can lead to early diagnosis and treatment. Remember, you know your body better than anyone. If something seems different or disturbing to you, don’t ignore it. Stay up-to-date on routine check-ups, talk openly with your gynecologist and never hesitate to advocate for yourself if something doesn’t feel right. Being informed and proactive is one of the best ways to protect your health.
