Let’s start with the basics—because who doesn’t like a little theory with their morning coffee?
What is self-objectification?
At its core, sexual objectification occurs when one’s body (or body parts) is treated as if it exists independently of the rest of the person. Think: body, no personality.
While this review focuses primarily on women, let’s be clear: objectification does not discriminate. It can (and does) affect people of all genders, especially those with marginalized identities.
You’ve probably heard of it male gazea kind of sexual objectification that frames women as passive objects of desire. At the extreme, objectification can include assault, harassment, and even human trafficking. But it also has a much more subtle, insidious side: self-objectification. This happens when we internalize the objectifying gaze and begin to attend to our body, appearance, and desire—a process researchers call physical surveillance.
We see it everywhere: in magazine ads, street rants, locker room brawls, or even those awkward interviews where female athletes are asked about their outfits instead of their stats. And it doesn’t stop there. Social media reinforces implicit objectification through curated images and algorithmic reinforcement of appearance ideals.
Why is self-objectification studied?
Research has long shown that sexual objectification has real consequences. It strengthens the harmful ones gender stereotypes, promotes violence and is linked to depression, anxiety and eating disorders. But a growing body of research seeks to understand a more complex question: how does self-objectification shape sexual health outcomes?
Current study on self-objectification and sexuality
A recent literature review summarized 47 studies on self-objectification and sexual health outcomes. global. A limitation of the research is its narrow focus: most studies looked at Western, heterosexual, white, cisgender adults. Identity and context matter. Age, gender, ability, race, and culture influence how objectification manifests and how people experience its effects.
Research topics
The studies included in this literature review covered six main areas:
Sexual satisfaction
The results? A little messy. Some studies have found self-objectification is associated with lower sexual satisfactionothers no link found. But a few things stand out:
Mixed findings point to context issues. With this in mind, it is clear that there is a pattern: self-objectification can weigh on satisfaction.
Relationship satisfaction
Again, we see similar patterns. Relationship satisfaction often goes hand in hand with self-objectification:
Sexual behaviors
Research on sexual behaviors often focuses on teenagers and young women because of the higher risk of STDs and the possibility of unintended pregnancy. The eight studies reviewed highlighted patterns associated with higher self-objectification:
These behaviors show how self-objectification can influence sexual decision-making and risk behaviors, often indirectly through internalized appearance norms and performance anxiety.
Sexual function
Sexual dysfunctions are defined as persistent or recurring difficulties with sexual desire, arousal, orgasm, or pain associated with sexual activity. Studies show:
Sexual victimization
Body surveillance also appears here:
Security related anxiety
Three studies linked self-objectification with fear of attack and heightened vigilance:
Insights for practice: Lessons from self-objectification and sexuality
Inner body awareness matters: We need more research, but this concept appears to be an important protective factor and is associated with various health outcomes.
Appearance anxiety disrupts: It can affect arousal, pleasure and overall sexual well-being.
The role of body shaming is complex: Sometimes it affects sexual satisfaction. other times, its results are inconsistent. Person-centered approaches are important for understanding how shame affects individuals.
There are circles: Self-objectification can ripple through relationships, sexual behaviors, and functioning, so interventions must be holistic.
Self-objectification and sexuality: Conclusions
Sexual objectification is not just theory. It is a lived experience with measurable results in mental health, relationships and sexual well-being. For sexual health professionals, the message is clear:
Self-objectification issues: Supporting individuals and clients to notice, name and reduce self-objectification can be a powerful step towards a healthier sex life.
Awareness is key: Even small steps, such as promoting self-compassion, media literacy, or mindful integration practices, can help individuals reclaim agency and pleasure.
Conversations don’t have to be complicated: Open discussion about self-objectification, body shaming, and media influence can normalize these experiences and reduce shame.
While the science is nuanced and ongoing, one thing is certain: recognizing self-objectification is essential to promoting sexual satisfaction, safety, and well-being.
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